Upgrading dependencies to include logrus.

vendor/golang.org/x/crypto/acme/acme.go

@@ -0,0 +1,922 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package acme provides an implementation of the
+// Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME) spec.
+// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-02 for details.
+//
+// Most common scenarios will want to use autocert subdirectory instead,
+// which provides automatic access to certificates from Let's Encrypt
+// and any other ACME-based CA.
+//
+// This package is a work in progress and makes no API stability promises.
+package acme
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"math/big"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	// LetsEncryptURL is the Directory endpoint of Let's Encrypt CA.
+	LetsEncryptURL = "https://acme-v01.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
+
+	// ALPNProto is the ALPN protocol name used by a CA server when validating
+	// tls-alpn-01 challenges.
+	//
+	// Package users must ensure their servers can negotiate the ACME ALPN in
+	// order for tls-alpn-01 challenge verifications to succeed.
+	// See the crypto/tls package's Config.NextProtos field.
+	ALPNProto = "acme-tls/1"
+)
+
+// idPeACMEIdentifierV1 is the OID for the ACME extension for the TLS-ALPN challenge.
+var idPeACMEIdentifierV1 = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 1, 30, 1}
+
+const (
+	maxChainLen = 5       // max depth and breadth of a certificate chain
+	maxCertSize = 1 << 20 // max size of a certificate, in bytes
+
+	// Max number of collected nonces kept in memory.
+	// Expect usual peak of 1 or 2.
+	maxNonces = 100
+)
+
+// Client is an ACME client.
+// The only required field is Key. An example of creating a client with a new key
+// is as follows:
+//
+// 	key, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+// 	if err != nil {
+// 		log.Fatal(err)
+// 	}
+// 	client := &Client{Key: key}
+//
+type Client struct {
+	// Key is the account key used to register with a CA and sign requests.
+	// Key.Public() must return a *rsa.PublicKey or *ecdsa.PublicKey.
+	Key crypto.Signer
+
+	// HTTPClient optionally specifies an HTTP client to use
+	// instead of http.DefaultClient.
+	HTTPClient *http.Client
+
+	// DirectoryURL points to the CA directory endpoint.
+	// If empty, LetsEncryptURL is used.
+	// Mutating this value after a successful call of Client's Discover method
+	// will have no effect.
+	DirectoryURL string
+
+	// RetryBackoff computes the duration after which the nth retry of a failed request
+	// should occur. The value of n for the first call on failure is 1.
+	// The values of r and resp are the request and response of the last failed attempt.
+	// If the returned value is negative or zero, no more retries are done and an error
+	// is returned to the caller of the original method.
+	//
+	// Requests which result in a 4xx client error are not retried,
+	// except for 400 Bad Request due to "bad nonce" errors and 429 Too Many Requests.
+	//
+	// If RetryBackoff is nil, a truncated exponential backoff algorithm
+	// with the ceiling of 10 seconds is used, where each subsequent retry n
+	// is done after either ("Retry-After" + jitter) or (2^n seconds + jitter),
+	// preferring the former if "Retry-After" header is found in the resp.
+	// The jitter is a random value up to 1 second.
+	RetryBackoff func(n int, r *http.Request, resp *http.Response) time.Duration
+
+	dirMu sync.Mutex // guards writes to dir
+	dir   *Directory // cached result of Client's Discover method
+
+	noncesMu sync.Mutex
+	nonces   map[string]struct{} // nonces collected from previous responses
+}
+
+// Discover performs ACME server discovery using c.DirectoryURL.
+//
+// It caches successful result. So, subsequent calls will not result in
+// a network round-trip. This also means mutating c.DirectoryURL after successful call
+// of this method will have no effect.
+func (c *Client) Discover(ctx context.Context) (Directory, error) {
+	c.dirMu.Lock()
+	defer c.dirMu.Unlock()
+	if c.dir != nil {
+		return *c.dir, nil
+	}
+
+	dirURL := c.DirectoryURL
+	if dirURL == "" {
+		dirURL = LetsEncryptURL
+	}
+	res, err := c.get(ctx, dirURL, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
+	if err != nil {
+		return Directory{}, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+	c.addNonce(res.Header)
+
+	var v struct {
+		Reg    string `json:"new-reg"`
+		Authz  string `json:"new-authz"`
+		Cert   string `json:"new-cert"`
+		Revoke string `json:"revoke-cert"`
+		Meta   struct {
+			Terms   string   `json:"terms-of-service"`
+			Website string   `json:"website"`
+			CAA     []string `json:"caa-identities"`
+		}
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
+		return Directory{}, err
+	}
+	c.dir = &Directory{
+		RegURL:    v.Reg,
+		AuthzURL:  v.Authz,
+		CertURL:   v.Cert,
+		RevokeURL: v.Revoke,
+		Terms:     v.Meta.Terms,
+		Website:   v.Meta.Website,
+		CAA:       v.Meta.CAA,
+	}
+	return *c.dir, nil
+}
+
+// CreateCert requests a new certificate using the Certificate Signing Request csr encoded in DER format.
+// The exp argument indicates the desired certificate validity duration. CA may issue a certificate
+// with a different duration.
+// If the bundle argument is true, the returned value will also contain the CA (issuer) certificate chain.
+//
+// In the case where CA server does not provide the issued certificate in the response,
+// CreateCert will poll certURL using c.FetchCert, which will result in additional round-trips.
+// In such a scenario, the caller can cancel the polling with ctx.
+//
+// CreateCert returns an error if the CA's response or chain was unreasonably large.
+// Callers are encouraged to parse the returned value to ensure the certificate is valid and has the expected features.
+func (c *Client) CreateCert(ctx context.Context, csr []byte, exp time.Duration, bundle bool) (der [][]byte, certURL string, err error) {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+
+	req := struct {
+		Resource  string `json:"resource"`
+		CSR       string `json:"csr"`
+		NotBefore string `json:"notBefore,omitempty"`
+		NotAfter  string `json:"notAfter,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		Resource: "new-cert",
+		CSR:      base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(csr),
+	}
+	now := timeNow()
+	req.NotBefore = now.Format(time.RFC3339)
+	if exp > 0 {
+		req.NotAfter = now.Add(exp).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	}
+
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, c.Key, c.dir.CertURL, req, wantStatus(http.StatusCreated))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+
+	curl := res.Header.Get("Location") // cert permanent URL
+	if res.ContentLength == 0 {
+		// no cert in the body; poll until we get it
+		cert, err := c.FetchCert(ctx, curl, bundle)
+		return cert, curl, err
+	}
+	// slurp issued cert and CA chain, if requested
+	cert, err := c.responseCert(ctx, res, bundle)
+	return cert, curl, err
+}
+
+// FetchCert retrieves already issued certificate from the given url, in DER format.
+// It retries the request until the certificate is successfully retrieved,
+// context is cancelled by the caller or an error response is received.
+//
+// The returned value will also contain the CA (issuer) certificate if the bundle argument is true.
+//
+// FetchCert returns an error if the CA's response or chain was unreasonably large.
+// Callers are encouraged to parse the returned value to ensure the certificate is valid
+// and has expected features.
+func (c *Client) FetchCert(ctx context.Context, url string, bundle bool) ([][]byte, error) {
+	res, err := c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return c.responseCert(ctx, res, bundle)
+}
+
+// RevokeCert revokes a previously issued certificate cert, provided in DER format.
+//
+// The key argument, used to sign the request, must be authorized
+// to revoke the certificate. It's up to the CA to decide which keys are authorized.
+// For instance, the key pair of the certificate may be authorized.
+// If the key is nil, c.Key is used instead.
+func (c *Client) RevokeCert(ctx context.Context, key crypto.Signer, cert []byte, reason CRLReasonCode) error {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	body := &struct {
+		Resource string `json:"resource"`
+		Cert     string `json:"certificate"`
+		Reason   int    `json:"reason"`
+	}{
+		Resource: "revoke-cert",
+		Cert:     base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(cert),
+		Reason:   int(reason),
+	}
+	if key == nil {
+		key = c.Key
+	}
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, key, c.dir.RevokeURL, body, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AcceptTOS always returns true to indicate the acceptance of a CA's Terms of Service
+// during account registration. See Register method of Client for more details.
+func AcceptTOS(tosURL string) bool { return true }
+
+// Register creates a new account registration by following the "new-reg" flow.
+// It returns the registered account. The account is not modified.
+//
+// The registration may require the caller to agree to the CA's Terms of Service (TOS).
+// If so, and the account has not indicated the acceptance of the terms (see Account for details),
+// Register calls prompt with a TOS URL provided by the CA. Prompt should report
+// whether the caller agrees to the terms. To always accept the terms, the caller can use AcceptTOS.
+func (c *Client) Register(ctx context.Context, a *Account, prompt func(tosURL string) bool) (*Account, error) {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	if a, err = c.doReg(ctx, c.dir.RegURL, "new-reg", a); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var accept bool
+	if a.CurrentTerms != "" && a.CurrentTerms != a.AgreedTerms {
+		accept = prompt(a.CurrentTerms)
+	}
+	if accept {
+		a.AgreedTerms = a.CurrentTerms
+		a, err = c.UpdateReg(ctx, a)
+	}
+	return a, err
+}
+
+// GetReg retrieves an existing registration.
+// The url argument is an Account URI.
+func (c *Client) GetReg(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Account, error) {
+	a, err := c.doReg(ctx, url, "reg", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	a.URI = url
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// UpdateReg updates an existing registration.
+// It returns an updated account copy. The provided account is not modified.
+func (c *Client) UpdateReg(ctx context.Context, a *Account) (*Account, error) {
+	uri := a.URI
+	a, err := c.doReg(ctx, uri, "reg", a)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	a.URI = uri
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// Authorize performs the initial step in an authorization flow.
+// The caller will then need to choose from and perform a set of returned
+// challenges using c.Accept in order to successfully complete authorization.
+//
+// If an authorization has been previously granted, the CA may return
+// a valid authorization (Authorization.Status is StatusValid). If so, the caller
+// need not fulfill any challenge and can proceed to requesting a certificate.
+func (c *Client) Authorize(ctx context.Context, domain string) (*Authorization, error) {
+	if _, err := c.Discover(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	type authzID struct {
+		Type  string `json:"type"`
+		Value string `json:"value"`
+	}
+	req := struct {
+		Resource   string  `json:"resource"`
+		Identifier authzID `json:"identifier"`
+	}{
+		Resource:   "new-authz",
+		Identifier: authzID{Type: "dns", Value: domain},
+	}
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, c.Key, c.dir.AuthzURL, req, wantStatus(http.StatusCreated))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+
+	var v wireAuthz
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: invalid response: %v", err)
+	}
+	if v.Status != StatusPending && v.Status != StatusValid {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: unexpected status: %s", v.Status)
+	}
+	return v.authorization(res.Header.Get("Location")), nil
+}
+
+// GetAuthorization retrieves an authorization identified by the given URL.
+//
+// If a caller needs to poll an authorization until its status is final,
+// see the WaitAuthorization method.
+func (c *Client) GetAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Authorization, error) {
+	res, err := c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+	var v wireAuthz
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: invalid response: %v", err)
+	}
+	return v.authorization(url), nil
+}
+
+// RevokeAuthorization relinquishes an existing authorization identified
+// by the given URL.
+// The url argument is an Authorization.URI value.
+//
+// If successful, the caller will be required to obtain a new authorization
+// using the Authorize method before being able to request a new certificate
+// for the domain associated with the authorization.
+//
+// It does not revoke existing certificates.
+func (c *Client) RevokeAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) error {
+	req := struct {
+		Resource string `json:"resource"`
+		Status   string `json:"status"`
+		Delete   bool   `json:"delete"`
+	}{
+		Resource: "authz",
+		Status:   "deactivated",
+		Delete:   true,
+	}
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, c.Key, url, req, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// WaitAuthorization polls an authorization at the given URL
+// until it is in one of the final states, StatusValid or StatusInvalid,
+// the ACME CA responded with a 4xx error code, or the context is done.
+//
+// It returns a non-nil Authorization only if its Status is StatusValid.
+// In all other cases WaitAuthorization returns an error.
+// If the Status is StatusInvalid, the returned error is of type *AuthorizationError.
+func (c *Client) WaitAuthorization(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Authorization, error) {
+	for {
+		res, err := c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		var raw wireAuthz
+		err = json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&raw)
+		res.Body.Close()
+		switch {
+		case err != nil:
+			// Skip and retry.
+		case raw.Status == StatusValid:
+			return raw.authorization(url), nil
+		case raw.Status == StatusInvalid:
+			return nil, raw.error(url)
+		}
+
+		// Exponential backoff is implemented in c.get above.
+		// This is just to prevent continuously hitting the CA
+		// while waiting for a final authorization status.
+		d := retryAfter(res.Header.Get("Retry-After"))
+		if d == 0 {
+			// Given that the fastest challenges TLS-SNI and HTTP-01
+			// require a CA to make at least 1 network round trip
+			// and most likely persist a challenge state,
+			// this default delay seems reasonable.
+			d = time.Second
+		}
+		t := time.NewTimer(d)
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			t.Stop()
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		case <-t.C:
+			// Retry.
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// GetChallenge retrieves the current status of an challenge.
+//
+// A client typically polls a challenge status using this method.
+func (c *Client) GetChallenge(ctx context.Context, url string) (*Challenge, error) {
+	res, err := c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK, http.StatusAccepted))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+	v := wireChallenge{URI: url}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: invalid response: %v", err)
+	}
+	return v.challenge(), nil
+}
+
+// Accept informs the server that the client accepts one of its challenges
+// previously obtained with c.Authorize.
+//
+// The server will then perform the validation asynchronously.
+func (c *Client) Accept(ctx context.Context, chal *Challenge) (*Challenge, error) {
+	auth, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), chal.Token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req := struct {
+		Resource string `json:"resource"`
+		Type     string `json:"type"`
+		Auth     string `json:"keyAuthorization"`
+	}{
+		Resource: "challenge",
+		Type:     chal.Type,
+		Auth:     auth,
+	}
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, c.Key, chal.URI, req, wantStatus(
+		http.StatusOK,       // according to the spec
+		http.StatusAccepted, // Let's Encrypt: see https://goo.gl/WsJ7VT (acme-divergences.md)
+	))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+
+	var v wireChallenge
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: invalid response: %v", err)
+	}
+	return v.challenge(), nil
+}
+
+// DNS01ChallengeRecord returns a DNS record value for a dns-01 challenge response.
+// A TXT record containing the returned value must be provisioned under
+// "_acme-challenge" name of the domain being validated.
+//
+// The token argument is a Challenge.Token value.
+func (c *Client) DNS01ChallengeRecord(token string) (string, error) {
+	ka, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	b := sha256.Sum256([]byte(ka))
+	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(b[:]), nil
+}
+
+// HTTP01ChallengeResponse returns the response for an http-01 challenge.
+// Servers should respond with the value to HTTP requests at the URL path
+// provided by HTTP01ChallengePath to validate the challenge and prove control
+// over a domain name.
+//
+// The token argument is a Challenge.Token value.
+func (c *Client) HTTP01ChallengeResponse(token string) (string, error) {
+	return keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), token)
+}
+
+// HTTP01ChallengePath returns the URL path at which the response for an http-01 challenge
+// should be provided by the servers.
+// The response value can be obtained with HTTP01ChallengeResponse.
+//
+// The token argument is a Challenge.Token value.
+func (c *Client) HTTP01ChallengePath(token string) string {
+	return "/.well-known/acme-challenge/" + token
+}
+
+// TLSSNI01ChallengeCert creates a certificate for TLS-SNI-01 challenge response.
+// Servers can present the certificate to validate the challenge and prove control
+// over a domain name.
+//
+// The implementation is incomplete in that the returned value is a single certificate,
+// computed only for Z0 of the key authorization. ACME CAs are expected to update
+// their implementations to use the newer version, TLS-SNI-02.
+// For more details on TLS-SNI-01 see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-01#section-7.3.
+//
+// The token argument is a Challenge.Token value.
+// If a WithKey option is provided, its private part signs the returned cert,
+// and the public part is used to specify the signee.
+// If no WithKey option is provided, a new ECDSA key is generated using P-256 curve.
+//
+// The returned certificate is valid for the next 24 hours and must be presented only when
+// the server name of the TLS ClientHello matches exactly the returned name value.
+func (c *Client) TLSSNI01ChallengeCert(token string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tls.Certificate, name string, err error) {
+	ka, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, "", err
+	}
+	b := sha256.Sum256([]byte(ka))
+	h := hex.EncodeToString(b[:])
+	name = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.acme.invalid", h[:32], h[32:])
+	cert, err = tlsChallengeCert([]string{name}, opt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, "", err
+	}
+	return cert, name, nil
+}
+
+// TLSSNI02ChallengeCert creates a certificate for TLS-SNI-02 challenge response.
+// Servers can present the certificate to validate the challenge and prove control
+// over a domain name. For more details on TLS-SNI-02 see
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-03#section-7.3.
+//
+// The token argument is a Challenge.Token value.
+// If a WithKey option is provided, its private part signs the returned cert,
+// and the public part is used to specify the signee.
+// If no WithKey option is provided, a new ECDSA key is generated using P-256 curve.
+//
+// The returned certificate is valid for the next 24 hours and must be presented only when
+// the server name in the TLS ClientHello matches exactly the returned name value.
+func (c *Client) TLSSNI02ChallengeCert(token string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tls.Certificate, name string, err error) {
+	b := sha256.Sum256([]byte(token))
+	h := hex.EncodeToString(b[:])
+	sanA := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.token.acme.invalid", h[:32], h[32:])
+
+	ka, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, "", err
+	}
+	b = sha256.Sum256([]byte(ka))
+	h = hex.EncodeToString(b[:])
+	sanB := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.ka.acme.invalid", h[:32], h[32:])
+
+	cert, err = tlsChallengeCert([]string{sanA, sanB}, opt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, "", err
+	}
+	return cert, sanA, nil
+}
+
+// TLSALPN01ChallengeCert creates a certificate for TLS-ALPN-01 challenge response.
+// Servers can present the certificate to validate the challenge and prove control
+// over a domain name. For more details on TLS-ALPN-01 see
+// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-shoemaker-acme-tls-alpn-00#section-3
+//
+// The token argument is a Challenge.Token value.
+// If a WithKey option is provided, its private part signs the returned cert,
+// and the public part is used to specify the signee.
+// If no WithKey option is provided, a new ECDSA key is generated using P-256 curve.
+//
+// The returned certificate is valid for the next 24 hours and must be presented only when
+// the server name in the TLS ClientHello matches the domain, and the special acme-tls/1 ALPN protocol
+// has been specified.
+func (c *Client) TLSALPN01ChallengeCert(token, domain string, opt ...CertOption) (cert tls.Certificate, err error) {
+	ka, err := keyAuth(c.Key.Public(), token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, err
+	}
+	shasum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(ka))
+	extValue, err := asn1.Marshal(shasum[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, err
+	}
+	acmeExtension := pkix.Extension{
+		Id:       idPeACMEIdentifierV1,
+		Critical: true,
+		Value:    extValue,
+	}
+
+	tmpl := defaultTLSChallengeCertTemplate()
+
+	var newOpt []CertOption
+	for _, o := range opt {
+		switch o := o.(type) {
+		case *certOptTemplate:
+			t := *(*x509.Certificate)(o) // shallow copy is ok
+			tmpl = &t
+		default:
+			newOpt = append(newOpt, o)
+		}
+	}
+	tmpl.ExtraExtensions = append(tmpl.ExtraExtensions, acmeExtension)
+	newOpt = append(newOpt, WithTemplate(tmpl))
+	return tlsChallengeCert([]string{domain}, newOpt)
+}
+
+// doReg sends all types of registration requests.
+// The type of request is identified by typ argument, which is a "resource"
+// in the ACME spec terms.
+//
+// A non-nil acct argument indicates whether the intention is to mutate data
+// of the Account. Only Contact and Agreement of its fields are used
+// in such cases.
+func (c *Client) doReg(ctx context.Context, url string, typ string, acct *Account) (*Account, error) {
+	req := struct {
+		Resource  string   `json:"resource"`
+		Contact   []string `json:"contact,omitempty"`
+		Agreement string   `json:"agreement,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		Resource: typ,
+	}
+	if acct != nil {
+		req.Contact = acct.Contact
+		req.Agreement = acct.AgreedTerms
+	}
+	res, err := c.post(ctx, c.Key, url, req, wantStatus(
+		http.StatusOK,       // updates and deletes
+		http.StatusCreated,  // new account creation
+		http.StatusAccepted, // Let's Encrypt divergent implementation
+	))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+
+	var v struct {
+		Contact        []string
+		Agreement      string
+		Authorizations string
+		Certificates   string
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(&v); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: invalid response: %v", err)
+	}
+	var tos string
+	if v := linkHeader(res.Header, "terms-of-service"); len(v) > 0 {
+		tos = v[0]
+	}
+	var authz string
+	if v := linkHeader(res.Header, "next"); len(v) > 0 {
+		authz = v[0]
+	}
+	return &Account{
+		URI:            res.Header.Get("Location"),
+		Contact:        v.Contact,
+		AgreedTerms:    v.Agreement,
+		CurrentTerms:   tos,
+		Authz:          authz,
+		Authorizations: v.Authorizations,
+		Certificates:   v.Certificates,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// popNonce returns a nonce value previously stored with c.addNonce
+// or fetches a fresh one from the given URL.
+func (c *Client) popNonce(ctx context.Context, url string) (string, error) {
+	c.noncesMu.Lock()
+	defer c.noncesMu.Unlock()
+	if len(c.nonces) == 0 {
+		return c.fetchNonce(ctx, url)
+	}
+	var nonce string
+	for nonce = range c.nonces {
+		delete(c.nonces, nonce)
+		break
+	}
+	return nonce, nil
+}
+
+// clearNonces clears any stored nonces
+func (c *Client) clearNonces() {
+	c.noncesMu.Lock()
+	defer c.noncesMu.Unlock()
+	c.nonces = make(map[string]struct{})
+}
+
+// addNonce stores a nonce value found in h (if any) for future use.
+func (c *Client) addNonce(h http.Header) {
+	v := nonceFromHeader(h)
+	if v == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	c.noncesMu.Lock()
+	defer c.noncesMu.Unlock()
+	if len(c.nonces) >= maxNonces {
+		return
+	}
+	if c.nonces == nil {
+		c.nonces = make(map[string]struct{})
+	}
+	c.nonces[v] = struct{}{}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) fetchNonce(ctx context.Context, url string) (string, error) {
+	r, err := http.NewRequest("HEAD", url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	resp, err := c.doNoRetry(ctx, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	nonce := nonceFromHeader(resp.Header)
+	if nonce == "" {
+		if resp.StatusCode > 299 {
+			return "", responseError(resp)
+		}
+		return "", errors.New("acme: nonce not found")
+	}
+	return nonce, nil
+}
+
+func nonceFromHeader(h http.Header) string {
+	return h.Get("Replay-Nonce")
+}
+
+func (c *Client) responseCert(ctx context.Context, res *http.Response, bundle bool) ([][]byte, error) {
+	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(res.Body, maxCertSize+1))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acme: response stream: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(b) > maxCertSize {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate is too big")
+	}
+	cert := [][]byte{b}
+	if !bundle {
+		return cert, nil
+	}
+
+	// Append CA chain cert(s).
+	// At least one is required according to the spec:
+	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-acme-acme-03#section-6.3.1
+	up := linkHeader(res.Header, "up")
+	if len(up) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: rel=up link not found")
+	}
+	if len(up) > maxChainLen {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: rel=up link is too large")
+	}
+	for _, url := range up {
+		cc, err := c.chainCert(ctx, url, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		cert = append(cert, cc...)
+	}
+	return cert, nil
+}
+
+// chainCert fetches CA certificate chain recursively by following "up" links.
+// Each recursive call increments the depth by 1, resulting in an error
+// if the recursion level reaches maxChainLen.
+//
+// First chainCert call starts with depth of 0.
+func (c *Client) chainCert(ctx context.Context, url string, depth int) ([][]byte, error) {
+	if depth >= maxChainLen {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate chain is too deep")
+	}
+
+	res, err := c.get(ctx, url, wantStatus(http.StatusOK))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer res.Body.Close()
+	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(res.Body, maxCertSize+1))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(b) > maxCertSize {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate is too big")
+	}
+	chain := [][]byte{b}
+
+	uplink := linkHeader(res.Header, "up")
+	if len(uplink) > maxChainLen {
+		return nil, errors.New("acme: certificate chain is too large")
+	}
+	for _, up := range uplink {
+		cc, err := c.chainCert(ctx, up, depth+1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		chain = append(chain, cc...)
+	}
+
+	return chain, nil
+}
+
+// linkHeader returns URI-Reference values of all Link headers
+// with relation-type rel.
+// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988#section-5 for details.
+func linkHeader(h http.Header, rel string) []string {
+	var links []string
+	for _, v := range h["Link"] {
+		parts := strings.Split(v, ";")
+		for _, p := range parts {
+			p = strings.TrimSpace(p)
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(p, "rel=") {
+				continue
+			}
+			if v := strings.Trim(p[4:], `"`); v == rel {
+				links = append(links, strings.Trim(parts[0], "<>"))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return links
+}
+
+// keyAuth generates a key authorization string for a given token.
+func keyAuth(pub crypto.PublicKey, token string) (string, error) {
+	th, err := JWKThumbprint(pub)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", token, th), nil
+}
+
+// defaultTLSChallengeCertTemplate is a template used to create challenge certs for TLS challenges.
+func defaultTLSChallengeCertTemplate() *x509.Certificate {
+	return &x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber:          big.NewInt(1),
+		NotBefore:             time.Now(),
+		NotAfter:              time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
+		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature,
+		ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
+	}
+}
+
+// tlsChallengeCert creates a temporary certificate for TLS-SNI challenges
+// with the given SANs and auto-generated public/private key pair.
+// The Subject Common Name is set to the first SAN to aid debugging.
+// To create a cert with a custom key pair, specify WithKey option.
+func tlsChallengeCert(san []string, opt []CertOption) (tls.Certificate, error) {
+	var key crypto.Signer
+	tmpl := defaultTLSChallengeCertTemplate()
+	for _, o := range opt {
+		switch o := o.(type) {
+		case *certOptKey:
+			if key != nil {
+				return tls.Certificate{}, errors.New("acme: duplicate key option")
+			}
+			key = o.key
+		case *certOptTemplate:
+			t := *(*x509.Certificate)(o) // shallow copy is ok
+			tmpl = &t
+		default:
+			// package's fault, if we let this happen:
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported option type %T", o))
+		}
+	}
+	if key == nil {
+		var err error
+		if key, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader); err != nil {
+			return tls.Certificate{}, err
+		}
+	}
+	tmpl.DNSNames = san
+	if len(san) > 0 {
+		tmpl.Subject.CommonName = san[0]
+	}
+
+	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, tmpl, tmpl, key.Public(), key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, err
+	}
+	return tls.Certificate{
+		Certificate: [][]byte{der},
+		PrivateKey:  key,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// encodePEM returns b encoded as PEM with block of type typ.
+func encodePEM(typ string, b []byte) []byte {
+	pb := &pem.Block{Type: typ, Bytes: b}
+	return pem.EncodeToMemory(pb)
+}
+
+// timeNow is useful for testing for fixed current time.
+var timeNow = time.Now